Wasps, Bees, and Hornets: What's the Difference? (2023)

All “bees” are not created equal. Bees, wasps, and hornets may look alike and belong to the same order of insects called Hymenoptera, but they are different insects. How can you tell the difference between a bee, a wasp, and a hornet? Let’s take alook!

Bees and wasps took separate evolutionary paths over 100,000,000 years ago. Bees are vegetarians, collecting pollen to feed their young, while wasps and hornets are carnivores, feeding on otherinsects. The main thing that they do have in common is that only females cansting.

What’s the Difference Between Wasps, Bees, andHornets?

Hornets

All hornets are wasps, but not all wasps are hornets. In the U.S., we have no native hornets. Our main hornet is the European hornet which was introduced intoNew York in 1840. It looks like a large yellowjacket—about ¾ to 1½ inches long—and nests in the ground or in hollowtrees.

The bald-faced hornet isn’t a hornet at all; it’s a type of paperwasp.

Another “hornet” we commonly encounteris the bald-faced hornet, a type of paper wasp closely related to the yellowjacket.They are black with white markings on their face and abdomen. You have probably seen their huge, gray, basketball-sized nests swinging high in atree.

The bald-faced hornet constructs a huge papery nest everyseason.

A new hornet that was recently introduced to the west coast is getting a lot of press these days. The Asian giant hornet is also called the “murder hornet” for the way they attack honey bee colonies, killing the bees by ripping off their heads, eating the honey, and stealing the larva to feed to their own young. They are the giants of the wasp world, measuring 2 inches long. In Japan, they are called sparrow wasps since they resemble small birds in flight. Their sting is very painful to humans and about 50 unlucky people a year are killed by the deadly neurotoxin contained in theirvenom.

Wasps

Although there are many solitary wasps such as digger wasps and mud daubers, most wasps are considered social, meaning that they live in colonies with a queen, female worker bees, and drones, like honeybees. Solitary wasps nest in the ground or in natural cavities, while social wasps attach papery nests made from chewed fibers to tree limbs or the eaves of yourhouse.

Honeycomb structure of a large, above-ground paper wasp nest. Although they look like yellowjackets, they are not! Yellowjackets are muchsmaller.

The yellowjacketis a social wasp that will nest above or below ground. In the fall, all the social wasps die off—except for the fertilized queens. They overwinter inprotected spots such as hollow logs, under loose tree bark, or in a soil cavity, and emerge in the spring to start a new colony. Solitary wasps depend on their larvae to mature in spring and start a newgeneration.

Are Hornets and Wasps “BadBugs”?

No! Wasps are very important, playing a vital ecological role controlling pests. Social wasps are predators, collectinginsects such as caterpillars, grubs, grasshoppers, aphids, and flies, which are stung, paralyzed, and put into the egg chambers for newly hatched larvae to eat. Wasps also prey upon spiders; the blue mud dauber’s preferred meal is the blackwidow!

Since wasps prey on some bad bugs, they should be considered beneficial to gardeners. Adults feed on nectar, doing some accidental pollinating at the same time, so they are minorpollinators.

On the other hand, they are drawn to meat and sweets, scavenging whatever they find, so they can be a nuisance for outdoor dining and will congregate around trash cans. If you encounter them, don’t swat at them or act in an aggressive manner or you risk being stung. They will also sting to protect their hive. If you should accidentally mow over a ground nest—run! Unlike honey bees, who can only sting once, wasps are capable of stinging multipletimes.

Bees

Bees eat pollen and nectar, feeding it to their young. Thismakesthem importantpollinators.

This hairy bee is covered withpollen.

Beeslook furry because they are covered with branched, feather-like hairs that pollen clings onto. Bees are not aggressive and only sting in self defense. In fact, the males do much of the foraging and they have no stinger. With the exception of honey bees and bumblebees, most bees are solitary and live in underground nests. Each female takes care of her own eggs and gathers pollen to feed the larvae when they hatch. There are about 4,000 species of bees native to the US and Canada. (For more about them, see our Native Bees article)

Identifying at aGlance

• Bees have a wide, hairy body,have stout legs, and lose their stinger when theysting.
• Wasps and hornets haveskinny bodies with narrow waists.Their bodies are mostlyhairless and can sting multipletimes.

Of course, there are many kinds of bees. Most of us grew up learning about the sophisticated social structures of honey bees and bumblebees, and we’ve come to think that their lifestyle represents all bee behavior. The truth is thatthe world is home to more than 20,000 species of bees, and a whopping 90% of them do not live together inhives.

Our native solitary bees—such as mason bees and leafcutter bees—which are most vital to our flowers and food. Learn more about these amazing heroes of pollination—and see how to bring these docile native bees to yourgarden.

LifeCycle

Whether bee, wasp, or hornet, the basic life cycle is the same—egg, larva, pre-pupa, pupa, adult. Fertilized eggs produce female bees, while unfertilized ones produce males. Eggs are placed in individual nest cells and provisioned with a food source for the newly hatched larvae to eat—aloaf made of pollen and nectar for bees or a paralyzed insect forwasps.

Some eggs hatch in a few days, while others wait until next season to emerge. The larvae eat, grow, and molt their skin up to 5 times. The pre-pupal stage can last a long time. An egg laid in the spring can take all summer to reach the pre-pupal stage and then it can stay that way all fall and winter. Some bees remain pre-pupal for several years! The pupa looks like an adult, but is pale in color with no wings or hair. In a short time, it chews its way out of the nest as anadult.

Some wasp larvae in their hexagonalcells.

Wasps, Bees, and Hornets areBeneficial

Most bees, wasps, and hornets are beneficial. Both wasps and hornets arereal workhorses for pest management in the garden and farm, feeding on the“bad” insects that destroy crops. In fact, if you were able to see many of their nests, they’re stocked withparalyzed adult grasshoppers, crickets, caterpillars, andsawflies.

Also, if you look carefully in the garden, wasps very helpful pollinators, too! They are usually solitary and non-aggressive, busily hovering and moving from flower toflower.

None of these beneficial insects should bekilled unless their nest is close to humansand is creating a hazard. For example, we had bald-faced hornets make a nest next to our front door and every time the door opened or closed, they were ready to fight! Needless to say, that nest had to go. We waited until after dark when the bees had all returned to the nest and sprayed an aerosol wasp killer into the entrance hole. After a few days of seeing no activity, we were able to remove thenest.

For ground-nesting wasps and hornets, locate the entrance hole, spray intothe opening, and plug the hole with a large rock. Don’t try to burn or drown a nest with water. That just makes them mad! When attempting any eradication of nests, be sure to dress appropriately, covering your eyes and all bare skin (just in case). Also be sure to have an escape routeplanned!

Otherwise, pause before you kill theseinsects; remember that they are a beneficialpart of ourecosystem and especiallycritical for pest control in our gardens, public lands, andcroplands.

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• Beneficial Insects in theGarden
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